On December 30, 1803 William C. C. Claiborne, acting as Governor General and Intendant of the Province of Louisiana, established a Court of Pleas for the City of New Orleans. The Court was to consist of not less than seven justices who were to be appointed by the Governor and to serve at his pleasure. It was to meet at least once each week. Three justices were deemed sufficient to form a court, with a majority of those present required for a decision to be rendered. Claiborne gave the Court jurisdiction in all suits not exceeding $3000. He also provided that justices would have summary power to make individual decisions in civil matters in which the value at stake was less than twenty dollars. In addition, Claiborne gave the justices power to rule on minor criminal offenses. Disputed matters valued at more than $500 were appealable to the Governor.

The Court of Pleas held its first session on January 9, 1804. On the following day, after adopting rules and setting fees, the Court began hearing causes. It held its last session on September 29, 1804. Soon thereafter, Claiborne received his commission as Governor of the Territory of Orleans, thus bringing an end to the temporary government of Louisiana. Under the provisions of the act establishing the Territory (actually passed on March 26, 1804) judicial powers passed from the Governor and the Court of Pleas to the territorial Superior Court.